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Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. This disease can lead to anything from blurred vision to total vision loss and is one of the leading causes of blindness in working-age adults.
Globally, it affects more than 30% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although there are no recent official statistics in Venezuela, it is estimated that the prevalence of this disease in the diabetic population ranges between 25% and 40%. A greater impact is observed in rural areas, where access to medication and adequate nutrition is more difficult.
Early detection is crucial. "The retina is like a window to the patient's overall health. Detecting changes in time can prevent irreversible complications," said Dr. Marina Brea Noriega, ophthalmologist specializing in retina and vitreous of the Ophthalmology Service of the Santa Paula Medical Group (GMSP).
What is diabetic retinopathy and what are its symptoms?
"Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease caused by high blood sugar levels that progressively damage the blood vessels of the retina," explained Dr. Susana de Curtis Martínez, ophthalmologist specializing in Medical and Surgical Retina, from GMSP. She added that, in advanced stages, new abnormal vessels may appear that bleed, causing vitreous hemorrhages, retinal detachment and, ultimately, blindness.
"Symptoms vary depending on the stage of retinopathy: they can range from distorted vision to severe visual loss," said Dr. Brea Noriega. Both specialists agree that the warning symptoms to pay attention to are: Blurred or fluctuating vision, Dark floating spots (floaters), Dark areas in the visual field, and Sudden or progressive loss of vision. However, in the early stages, retinopathy is usually asymptomatic. The first signs often go unnoticed and are only visible through an eye exam.
Classification and Diagnosis
The specialists indicated that diabetic retinopathy is classified into three main groups:
· Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (mild, moderate, severe): Characterized by the presence of lesions such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates, but without the formation of new blood vessels.
· Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (with or without high-risk criteria): Abnormal new blood vessels appear that can bleed and cause retinal detachment, with a high risk of severe vision loss. Both forms may present with diabetic macular edema.
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· Advanced diabetic retinopathy, including retinal detachment.
Dr. de Curtis Martínez stated that the diagnosis is made through a clinical evaluation of the fundus and specialized studies such as: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): a non-invasive exam that uses light waves to take cross-sectional images of the retina; and Fluorescein Angiography: an exam that uses a special dye to map the blood vessels of the retina. "In the Ophthalmology Service of the GMSP we have state-of-the-art OCT equipment to diagnose this disease," commented Dr. Brea Noriega.
Treatment
Curtis Martinez's retinologist explained that, in cases of severe or proliferative non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, laser photocoagulation surgery is recommended. "The goal is to seal vascular leaks and destroy areas of ischemia, reducing the risk of hemorrhages and serious complications. The results are positive in terms of visual stabilization, although improvement depends on the state of the disease." She also mentions Vitreous Surgery, which is used in advanced cases such as hemorrhages or retinal detachment, which are performed at the Santa Paula Medical Group. Treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease. It may include: Metabolic control with the support of an endocrinologist; Intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenics, medications that reduce swelling and stop the growth of new abnormal blood vessels; Laser treatment (photocoagulation); Corticosteroids and, Vitreoretinal surgery, in advanced cases. "At GMSP we apply anti-angiogenic injections as part of the comprehensive treatment," added Dr. Brea Noriega. Prevention and recommendations The prevention of diabetic retinopathy begins with rigorous control of blood glucose levels, cholesterol, and blood pressure, in addition to regular ophthalmological check-ups. A balanced diet and regular physical activity are also crucial, as is quitting smoking. Specialists recommend that all diabetic patients have an eye exam at least every 6 months, or annually at a minimum. "At GMSP, we have cutting-edge technology to detect and treat this condition in its initial stages. If the patient keeps their blood sugar under control, they can prevent or delay the development of retinopathy. And if they already have it, ophthalmological treatment is effective in controlling the disease and preventing it from worsening," they concluded. Additionally, in the GMSP Ophthalmology service, people can also access other procedures, such as vitrectomy, to improve the quality of life of the person. It should be remembered that this surgery is indicated for various pathologies, including retinal detachment (RD), macular holes and epiretinal membrane, among others. To be attended at GMSP, request appointments and obtain more information, you must call 0500 CUIDATE (2843283) or (0212) 9176200, and you can write via WhatsApp to 0414/0424/0412/0422 CLINICA (2546422), also through the page: www.grupomedicosp.com. In addition, you can follow them as @grupomedicosp on social media Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, X, Threads and on their YouTube channel.
